Bio-based Surface Coating and Post-Processing of Trametes Versicolor Mycelium-Based Leather-Like Materials

Abstract

The textile and fashion industry is one of the most polluting sectors worldwide, contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and water contamination. Conventional leather tanning is a non-sustainable process that consumes large amounts of water and energy, while releasing heavy metals and toxic compounds into the environment. Although synthetic leather simplifies production, it relies on fossil-derived polymers and is non-biodegradable, raising additional environmental concerns. Filamentous fungi, with their capacity to form leather-like biomaterials through controlled fermentation, represent a promising and sustainable alternative. Mycelium-based materials are emerging as promising bio-derived alternatives to animal and synthetic leather. However, mechanical strength and surface properties remain limiting for commercial applications. This study investigates bio-based post-processing strategies for Trametes versicolor mycelium-based leather-like materials produced via liquid-state surface fermentation. Primary focus was on surface functionalization through natural coatings. Hot pressing was first evaluated and then adopted as a standard treatment. Indeed, the ultimate stress of glycerol-treated sheets was increased from 0.31 ± 0.06 to 0.45 ± 0.06 MPa, confirming the suitability of hot processing as a standard consolidation step. Subsequently, sorbitol–citric acid treated mats were coated with seven fully bio-based formulations, including proteins, polysaccharides, shellac, and wax–oil blends, and evaluated through static water contact angle (WCA) measurements. The uncoated control mat exhibited the highest hydrophobicity with WCA of 99.8°, while coated samples showed WCAs ranging from 65.1° (corn zein) to 95.3° (wax–oil balm). Some process steps are presented in the figure. Coatings rich in hydrophobic long-chain molecules yielded the best water repellence properties, whereas protein- and polysaccharide-based films primarily altered surface texture without enhancing wettability. The results highlight the importance of chemical formulation – particularly plasticizer content – in determining surface hydrophobicity, and provide a foundation for the development of scalable, fully bio-based surface finishing treatments for fungal leather-like materials.